7# v1FNu/""))))*c*c*c*kF*L**`+]x*c+ +F$*FN) ,@ , 37L BlFNF$F$F$F$F$F$This file contains the tables to Appendix A (Lighting Technology Characteristics) from Vorsatz, Diana, Leslie Shown, Jonathan G. Koomey, Mithra Moezzi, Andrea Denver, and Barbara Atkinson. 1997. Lighting Market Sourcebook. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. LBNL-39102. December. Contact Leslie Shown (LJShown@lbl.gov) with questions on this report, or go to the web page http://enduse.lbl.gov/Projects/LMS.html. Table A.3. The General Characteristics of Incandescent Lamps (non-reflectors) Standard Incandescent A-LampsTungsten-Halogen (T-H) A-LampsA-LAMP PROTOTYPE: Tungsten-Halogen Infrared-Reflecting (HIR) A-Lamps*Tungsten-Halogen (T-H): Double-Ended (DE) & Single-Ended (SE)Available WattagesTypically, 15-250 watts (3)42-150 watts (12)PROJECTED: 13-73 watts (wattages necessary to match lumen output of 25-100 watt standard incandescents)DE: 45-2000 watts (6) (lamps for halogen torchieres are included in this category) SE: 5-10,000 watts (6)Initial Lamp Efficacy10-19 l/W, for lamps with wattages from 40-250 (efficacy increases with wattage) (3) 14-20 l/W (12)PROJECTED: 15-22 l/W, efficacy increases with wattage (depending on lamp wattage, efficacy is 30-70% improved over standard incand. A-lamps)DE: 10-25 l/W**; with IR coating 26-38 l/W (6, 16) SE: 20-25 l/W; higher with IR coating (6)Rated Lifetime 750-2500 h; however, when a standard incandescent lamp is dimmed even slightly, lifetime increases significantly (3)2000-3500 h (12)5000 hours*2000 hours (6)CRI & Color Temperature CRI: 97 (2) CT: 2500-3000 K (3)CRI: 99 (12); CT: 3000 K (6); T-H lamps often produce a whiter light than standard incandescents (2)CRI and color temperature characteristics are assumed to be similar to those of the tungsten-halogen A-lamp.CRI: 99 (12); CT: 3000-3100 K (6); T-H lamps often produce a whiter light than standard incandescents (2)Lumen Maintenance Lumen output typically declines by 20% over rated lamp life (1) T-H lamps have better lumen maintenance than standard incandescents because of the regenerative cycle that removes evaporated tungsten from the bulb and redeposits it on the filament. Typically, lumen output declines by 7% over rated lamp life. (1)Lumen maintenance characteristics are assumed to be similar to those of the tungsten-halogen A-lamp.T-H lamps have better lumen maintenance than standard incandescents because of the regenerative cycle that removes evaporated tungsten from the bulb and redeposits it on the filament. Typically, lumen output declines by 7% over rated lamp life. (1)DimmabilityFully dimmableFully dimmable - but halogen cycle ceases to operate when lamps are dimmed substantially. Lamps should be operated at full power periodically to restore the halogen cycle and thus clean the tungsten from the bulb wall.Dimming characteristics are assumed to be similar to those of the tungsten-halogen A-lamp.Fully dimmable - but halogen cycle ceases to operate when lamps are dimmed substantially. Lamps should be operated at full power periodically to restore the halogen cycle and thus clean the tungsten from the bulb wall.Advantages Economical in low wattages and for applications involving low use per day (13), low first-cost, excellent optical controllability (point source), excellent color rendering, easy to installExcellent optical controllability (point source), excellent color rendering, slightly more efficacious than standard incandescents, easy to install PROJECTED: With the exception of low first-cost, this lamp has all the advantages of a standard incandescent as well as a longer lamp life and lower life-cycle cost.Very compact with high lumen output; more efficacious than standard incandescents, especially with IR coating; excellent optical controllability (point source); excellent color rendering Table A.3, cont.Standard Incandescent A-LampsTungsten-Halogen (T-H) A-LampsA-LAMP PROTOTYPE: Tungsten-Halogen Infrared-Reflecting (HIR) A-Lamps*Tungsten-Halogen (T-H): Double-Ended (DE) & Single-Ended (SE)Limitations Very low efficacy, relatively short rated lamp livesMore expensive than standard incandescents; although somewhat more efficacious than standard incandescents, much less so than fluorescent and HID sourcesPROJECTED: Low efficacy and moderate first-cost.Although these lamps are somewhat more efficacious than standard incandescents, they are much less so than fluorescent and HID sources. Although the very popular halogen torchieres are attractive because of their low price, tall elegant fixtures, and warm indirect light, their operating cost and the risk of fire they pose are significant drawbacks (14).Applications: Standard incandescent lamps are widely used in homes, accounting for more than 85% of household energy use (4). In the commercial sector, incandescents are widely used for task lighting in many building types, and are especially common in restaurants and lodging facilities.Tungsten-halogen A-lamps can be used to replace the slightly less efficacious standard incandescents where the qualities of the incandescent (e.g., optical controllability, good color) are desiredUse to replace high-wattage standard incandescents that receive low to moderate use and all low-wattage standard incandescents except those that are used very little DE: commonly used in chandeliers, wall sconces, and torchieres (6) SE: commonly used in sconces, downlights, and wall washers (6)Lamp Price 25-$1 for general service A-lamps; $1-3 for an extended or vibration service 100 W A-lamp, (1996$) (7)$4-6 for 90 W tungsten-halogen A-lamp, (1996$) (7)Target price of $3-6; lamps will not generally be cost-effective if their price exceeds $6 (1997$)$4-50, with even higher prices for lamps with highly specialized applications (1997$) (17)Primary ManufacturersGeneral Electric, Philips, Osram SylvaniaGeneral Electric, Philips, Osram SylvaniaNot applicable at this timeGeneral Electric, Philips, Osram Sylvania* The theoretical information presented for the HIR A-lamp prototype is based on an assumed lamp life of 5000 hours for lamps with mean lumen outputs that will allow them to replace 25-100 watt standard incandescents; data were obtained from researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Clear and Rubinstein (1996), Clear (1994), Clear (1997b)). ** Halogen lamps for torchieres manufactured in the U.S. and Europe have efficacies toward the higher end of this range, while torchiere lamps manufactured elsewhere tend to have efficacies toward the lower end of the range. The halogen lamps included in most of the torchiere fixtures sold within the U.S. are lower efficacy lamps (Page 1997). Sources: 1: IES (1993); 2: Ontario Hydro (1992); 3: Atkinson et al. (1995); 4: Moezzi (1996-97); 5: Leslie and Conway (1993); 6: Eley Associates (1993); 7: Denver (1996) 8: EPRI (1993a); 9: National Lighting Product Information Program (1993); 10: U.S. House of Representatives (1992); 11: Clear and Rubinstein (1997); 12: Lamp Manufacturer Catalogs for General Electric, Osram Sylvania, and Philips; 13: Clear (1996); 14: Calwell (1996); 15: Brown and Atkinson (1994); 16: Calwell (1997); 17: Clear (1997a) Table A.4. The General Characteristics of Incandescent Reflector Lamps* Tungsten-Halogen Parabolic Aluminum Reflector (PAR) LampsMR Reflector LampsStandard Incandescent Reflector R-Lamps*Available WattagesHalogen PAR: 35-150 watts (12) HIR PAR: 50-100 watts (3)20-75 watts (12)Typically, 30-120 (12)Initial Lamp EfficacyBased on EPAct standards, incandescent reflector lamps must have a minimum efficacy ranging from 10.5 l/W for lamps with wattages of 40-50 to 15.0 for lamps with wattages from 156-205 (10). The HIR PAR lamp is the most efficacious PAR lamp available. Halogen PAR: 11-17 l/W (12) HIR PAR: 20 l/W for 50 & 60 W lamps (3)Lumen efficacy is not normally listed for MR reflector lamps. Based on an estimated 30% optical loss due to the reflector assembly, lamp efficacy is estimated to be 10.5-14 l/W (17)8-12 l/W, for lamps of 50-75 watts (3)Rated Lifetime Halogen PAR: 2000-5000 hours HIR PAR: 3000-6000 hours The high end of the lifetime range for both lamp types is for a 130 volt lamp operated on a standard 120 volt circuit (12)2000-5000 hours (12)Typically, 2000 hours; as with all standard incandescents, when dimmed even slightly, lifetime increases significantly (3) CRI & Color TemperatureCRI: 99 (12); CT: 2800-3000 (12) Tungsten-halogen lamps often produce a whiter light than standard incandescents (2) CRI: 99 (12) CT: 2900-3050 (12)CRI: 97 (2) CT: 2500-3000 K (3)Lumen Maintenance Halogen lamps have better lumen maintenance than standard incandescents because of the regenerative cycle that removes evaporated tungsten from the bulb and redeposits it on the filament. Typically, lumen output declines by 7% over the rated life of the lamp. (1)Similar to other halogen lamps Lumen output typically declines by 20% over rated lamp life (1)DimmabilityFully dimmable - but halogen cycle ceases to operate when lamps are dimmed substantially. Lamps should be operated at full power periodically to restore the halogen cycle and thus clean the tungsten from the bulb wall.Similar to other halogen lamps Fully dimmable  Table A.4, cont.Tungsten-Halogen Parabolic Aluminum Reflector (PAR) LampsMR Reflector LampsStandard Incandescent Reflector R-Lamps*Advantages More efficacious than standard incandescents, excellent optical controllability (point source), very compact, excellent color rendering. Reflector lamps can be energy-efficient alternatives to general service incandescents in applications where illumination requirements are direction-specific.Small size (easily hidden), very good optical controllability (point source), low-voltage wiring increases ease of changing layoutExcellent optical controllability (point source), excellent color renderingLimitations More expensive than standard incandescentsRelatively expensive compared to standard incandescents; requires a low-voltage transformerVery low efficacyApplications PAR lamps are typically used for illuminating outdoor areas and for accent and display lighting. They are often used in restaurants and retail stores as well as for illuminating commercial displays and artwork. They are also commonly used to improve the optical efficiency of downlights (3).MR reflector lamps are most often used in retail establishments for display and accent lighting.These specialty lamps include ER (elliptical reflector) lamps, BR lamps (specially shaped variants of the "R" lamp which are designed to deliver more usable light from recessed fixtures), colored lamps, rough or vibration service lamps, and lamps with a rated wattage of less than 40 watts (15).Lamp Price Typically, the prices of halogen reflector lamps range from $7-14 (1996$) (7)$7.50-11 (1996$) (12)Typically, the prices of standard incandescent reflector lamps range from $2-10 (1996$) (7) Primary ManufacturersHalogen PAR: General Electric, Philips, Osram Sylvania HIR PAR: General ElectricGeneral Electric, Philips, Osram Sylvania, Ushio General Electric, Philips, Osram Sylvania* As a result of EPAct, the majority of the incandescent reflector lamp market was converted from traditional incandescent to the more efficient tungsten-halogen technology; EPAct standards banned production of most traditional incandescent floodlights and spotlights. Standard-wattage and reduced-wattage non-halogen reflector lamps could not meet EPAct's minimum efficacy standards, which took effect in November 1995; halogen reflector lamps are now the least expensive compliance option. The remaining standard incandescent reflector lamps are specialty lamps for which there are no energy-efficient substitutes; these lamps comprise only a small market share. Sources: 1: IES (1993); 2: Ontario Hydro (1992); 3: Atkinson et al. (1995); 4: Moezzi (1996-97); 5: Leslie and Conway (1993); 6: Eley Associates (1993); 7: Denver (1996) 8: EPRI (1993a); 9: National Lighting Product Information Program (1993); 10: U.S. House of Representatives (1992); 11: Clear and Rubinstein (1997); 12: Lamp Manufacturer Catalogs for General Electric, Osram Sylvania, and Philips; 13: Clear (1996); 14: Calwell (1996); 15: Brown and Atkinson (1994); 16: Calwell (1997); 17: Clear (1997a) Table A.5. The General Characteristics of Fluorescent Lamps* Four-Foot Tubular Fluorescent: T12 LampsFour-Foot Tubular Fluorescent: T8 Lamps Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)Available WattagesTypically, 32, 34, and 40 watts; As a result of EPAct standards that took effect in November 1995, the lamp type most commonly used in the commercial sector (the 40-watt, 4-foot, T12 with standard phosphors) was eliminated from the lighting market. Reduced-wattage T12 lamps with standard phosphors are still permitted. All 40-watt T12s sold today use the more efficacious rare earth phosphors.32 watts (9)5-55 watts (1)Lamp Efficacy Based on EPAct standards, all 4-foot T12 lamps must have a minimum efficacy of 75 l/W, excluding ballast losses (10). Combined with a magnetic ballast, T12s typically have an efficacy of 60-70 l/W, including ballast losses (3). For two 34-watt T12s (RE-70) and a single electronic ballast, efficacy including ballast losses is about 73-79 l/W (6).The rare-earth coating on the T8 lamp improves its efficacy compared to standard-phosphor fluorescents. For two 32-watt T8s (RE-70) and a single ballast, efficacy including ballast losses is as follows: magnetic ballast - 78 l/W rapid-start electronic ballast - 82 l/W instant-start electronic ballast - 87 l/W (6)With magnetic ballast, 40-55 l/W; with electronic ballast, 50-70 l/W (6). Efficacy improves with lamp size.Rated Lifetime Typically, 20,000 hours (2)Typically, based on three hours of operation per start, 20,000 hours with rapid-start magnetic ballast and 15,000 with electronic ballast. Lamp life increases with increased burning period. (9)10,000 hours, based on three hours of operation per start (8)CRI & Color Temperature Based on EPAct standards, all 4-foot T12 lamps with wattages >35 must have a minimum CRI of 69 and all 4-foot T12 lamps with wattages 35 must have a minimum CRI of 45 (10). CRI: 50-90 (50-60 for 32- and 34-watt cool-white and warm-white lamps) (3) CT: 3000-7500 K (3000-4150 K for 32- and 34-watt cool-white and warm-white lamps) (3) For rare-earth 40-watt T12s, CRI is 70-80 and CT is 3000-6500 (12)In T8s, as well as all other fluorescent lamps with diameters of 1 inch, the lamp tube is coated with rare-earth phosphors that produce visible light at wavelengths to which the red, green, and blue retinal sensors of the human eye are most sensitive. Thus, color rendering is improved. CRI: 70-90, some T8s now have CRIs greater than 90 - however , they are less efficacious (3). CT: T8s are available in a variety of color temperatures, including warm (3000 K), neutral (3500 K), cool (4100 K), and very cool (5000 K) (9)CRI: 82 (2) CT: 2700-5000 (6) Table A.5, cont.Four-Foot Tubular Fluorescent: T12 LampsFour-Foot Tubular Fluorescent: T8 Lamps Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)Lumen Maintenance Lumen output typically declines by about 20-25% over rated lamp life (3)Lamps using RE phosphors can withstand a higher loading (arc power per unit of phosphor area) and thus provide better lumen maintenance than standard-phosphor lamps (1). Lumen output typically declines by about 10-12% over rated lamp life (3)Typically, lumen output is reduced by 10-30% over the rated life; lumen maintenance improves with lamp size (3) Dimmability Dimmable when used with dimming ballast (1). Almost all dimming ballasts used today are electronic. Dimmable when used with dimming ballast. (1) Almost all dimming ballasts used today are electronic. Some CFLs are dimmable. In commercial buildings, the use of dimming CFLs is not uncommon; dimmable CFLs for homes are much less common. One manufacturer is now producing dimmable CFLs for the residential sector. (11)Advantages More efficacious than incandescent lamps, very long lifetimesT8s are more efficacious and have better color rendition and lumen maintenance than standard-phosphor T12s. T8 lamps operating with electronic ballasts are the most efficacious of the fluorescent lamps available today (3).Excellent color rendition; long rated lifetime compared to incandescents; very efficacious compared to incandescents; large variety of available sizes, shapes, and wattages (8)Limitations Not suitable for applications in which lamps are often turned off and on; not a point source; sensitivity to ambient (room) temperature - efficacy varies with temperature In almost all cases, when T8s are used to replace T12s, the ballasts must also be replaced (9). Not suitable for applications in which lamps are often turned off and on; sensitivity to ambient temperature; not a point source; more expensive than standard-phosphor T12s.Very high first-cost compared to incandescents; larger size than incandescents; limited dimming capabilities; not a point source; laboratory-determined lumen output and lamp life are sensitive to factors such as operating position, operating temperature of the lamp within the fixture, frequency of switchingApplications Most of the lamps used in the commercial sector are fluorescent; in homes, fluorescents are often used in kitchens and bathrooms as well as utility areas such as garages and laundry rooms. The introduction of rare earth coatings for lamps has improved color rendering and is thus expanding the number of potential uses of tubular fluorescents in homes.These lamps are most often used as replacements for conventional T12s. In homes and commercial buildings, screw-in CFLs can be used to replace incandescents. Commercial buildings have more fixtures that are hardwired for CFLs and they are used for down lights, wall sconces, exit signs, and also in two-foot by two-foot troffers (3) Table A.5, cont.Four-Foot Tubular Fluorescent: T12 LampsFour-Foot Tubular Fluorescent: T8 Lamps Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)Lamp Price $3-6 for 32 & 34 W T12s; $7-13 for a 40 W T12 with rare-earth phosphors (1996$) (7)$1.75-5.00 for a 32 W T8 (1996$) (7)CFL prices vary based on design and ballast type. Typically, the price of a CFL without a ballast ranges from $4-12. The price of a self-ballasted CFL ranges from $8-30. CFLs with electronic ballasts are usually more expensive than those with magnetic ballasts. (1996$) (7) Promotional prices and rebates are often available for CFLs, particularly in the residential sector, and can reduce lamp price significantly.Primary ManufacturersGeneral Electric, Philips, Osram SylvaniaGeneral Electric, Philips, Osram SylvaniaGeneral Electric, Philips, Osram Sylvania, Panasonic, Mitsubishi, Lights of America* Four-foot T12 and T8 fluorescent lamps account for the bulk of fluorescent lighting in the U.S.: based on Sezgen et al. (1994), four-foot T12s and T8s are used to illuminate approximately 80% of the commercial floorspace that is lit by fluorescent lamps. High Output (HO) and Very High Output (VHO) lamps are not covered in this table; based on Census data, HO and VHO lamps accounted for less than 6% of fluorescent lamp shipments in 1993 (Census Bureau MQ36B (93)-5, Table 2a (1994)). Sources: 1: IES (1993); 2: Ontario Hydro (1992); 3: Atkinson et al. (1995); 4: Moezzi (1996-97); 5: Leslie and Conway (1993); 6: Eley Associates (1993); 7: Denver (1996) 8: EPRI (1993a); 9: National Lighting Product Information Program (1993); 10: U.S. House of Representatives (1992); 11: Clear and Rubinstein (1997); 12: Lamp Manufacturer Catalogs for General Electric, Osram Sylvania, and Philips; 13: Clear (1996); 14: Calwell (1996); 15: Brown and Atkinson (1994); 16: Calwell (1997); 17: Clear (1997a) Table A.6. The General Characteristics of High-Intensity Discharge Lamps Mercury Vapor LampsMetal Halide LampsHigh-Pressure Sodium LampsAvailable Wattages40-1000 watts (2)32-1500 watts (2)35-1000 (2)Initial Lamp Efficacy Including ballast losses, from 25 l/W in smaller lamps (50-100 W) to 50 l/W for larger lamps (400-1000W) (3)Including ballast losses, from 46-100 l/W; the 1000-watt lamp is most efficacious (3)Including ballast losses, from 50-124 l/W. Efficacy increases with wattage. (3)Rated Lifetime 29,000 hours for most lamps of 50 watts or more, based on a ten-hour burning cycle; however, economic lifetime is shorter (see lumen maintenance) (12)3500 hours for compact arc lamps; 5000-10,000 hours for the smallest and largest lamps; up to 20,000 hours for the 400-watt lamps (3)29,000 hours for most lamps of 50 watts or more, based on a ten-hour burning cycle (12)CRI & Color Temperature Both clear and phosphor-coated MV lamps are available. Clear lamps produce bluish-green light; phosphor coating improves color properties. (1) CRI: 50 for coated lamps, 15 for uncoated lamps (3) CT: 4000 K for coated lamps, 5900-7000 K for uncoated lamps (2)Both clear and phosphor-coated MH lamps are available; clear lamps produce bluish-white light while coated lamps produce warmer light and have a higher CRI. (2) CRI: typically, 65-70; a few recently developed MH lamps have higher CRIs (6) CT: 3000-4400 K (3)Both clear and coated lamps are available (1); lamps emit a yellowish light (3). CRI: 22 (1) CT: 1900-2200 K (1) New higher-pressure HPS lamps are now available with CRIs of more than 65 and CTs ranging from 2200-2800 K; however, efficacy and rated lifetime are drastically reduced. (3)Lumen Maintenance Poor: in spite of long rated lamp life, lumen output typically declines by 25-40% after only 12,000 hours (3)Lumen output typically declines up to 20% after 12,000 hours (3)Lumen output typically declines by 20% after 18,000 hours (3)Dimmability Some lamps are dimmable with specialized ballasts; lamp efficacy decreases with dimming. Clear lamps are dimmable down to 25% without change in color, coated lamps down to 30% (1)Some lamps are dimmable with specialized ballasts; lamp efficacy decreases with dimming. Some clear, low-wattage lamps are dimmable only to 80% without change in color; for higher wattages, color changes begin at about 60%. Dimmability in coated lamps is slightly better. (1)Some lamps are dimmable with specialized ballasts; lamp efficacy decreases with dimming. HPS lamps are dimmable down to 50% without a significant change in color; below 50%, light becomes intensely yellow. (1)Advantages Low cost compared to other HID sources; high-wattage available in compact size; good optical controllabilityMore efficient than MV lamps; better color rendition than other HID sources; high-wattage available in compact size; good optical controllabilityOf the HID lamps, HPS lamps are the most efficacious and have the best lumen maintenance; high-wattage available in compact size; good optical controllability; operate effectively in almost any position (1)Limitations Poor color rendition; poor lumen maintenance; limited dimming capabilities; slightly less efficacious when operated in horizontal position (1)Limited dimming capabilities; color temperature may vary with operating position and some lamps have restricted burning positions (1); potential for explosion if arc tube rupturesPoor color rendition, limited dimming capabilities Table A.6, cont.Mercury Vapor LampsMetal Halide LampsHigh-Pressure Sodium LampsApplications Because of their poor color rendition, these lamps are only used where good color is not a priority. MV lamps are used mostly in the commercial and industrial sectors and are rarely used for new lighting systems (2). For industrial and outdoor applications where color was not a priority, MV lamps were the most efficient lamp type for many years. Many building owners have now replaced MV lamps with more efficient MH and HPS lamps; however, many MV lamps are still in use because they are relatively inexpensive and conversion to MH and HPS usually requires installation of new ballasts and sometimes requires installation of new fixtures. MV lamps are useful for replacing incandescents in landscape lighting because they bring out the greens in foliage. (3)MH lamps are effective replacements for MV lamps. Higher-wattage lamps are used for floodlights, are increasingly used for streetlights, and are also used in large industrial areas and sports arenas. Smaller-wattage lamps are used in assembly spaces, schools, public buildings, and merchandising areas. (2) Reduced maintenance costs, good lumen maintenance, longer lamp lives, and the fact that they blend more naturally with fluorescent sources has made MH lamps a very good replacement for 300-watt and 500-watt PAR lamps in commercial spaces. New fixtures utilizing these lamps, particularly one-foot by one-foot recessed lensed troffers (downlights), are becoming common in lobbies, shopping malls, and retail stores.(3)HPS lamps are effective replacements for MV lamps. These lamps are very useful in the industrial sector and outdoors, where high light levels are often required and good color rendition is not a priority. Most street lighting in the U.S. today is done with HPS lamps. (3)Lamp Price $22-30 for a coated 250 W MV lamp; prices are insensitive to wattage (1996$) (7)$26-40 for a coated 250 W MH lamp; prices are insensitive to wattage (1996$) (7)$25-35 for a clear HPS 250 W lamp; $60-85 for a coated 250 W HPS lamp (1996$). Prices are insensitive to wattage. (7)Primary ManufacturersGeneral Electric, Philips, Osram SylvaniaGeneral Electric, Philips, Osram Sylvania, Venture Lighting International (6)General Electric, Philips, Osram Sylvania, Iwasaki, Venture Lighting International (6) Sources: 1: IES (1993); 2: Ontario Hydro (1992); 3: Atkinson et al. (1995); 4: Moezzi (1996-97); 5: Leslie and Conway (1993); 6: Eley Associates (1993); 7: Denver (1996) 8: EPRI (1993a); 9: National Lighting Product Information Program (1993); 10: U.S. House of Representatives (1992); 11: Clear and Rubinstein (1997); 12: Lamp Manufacturer Catalogs for General Electric, Osram Sylvania, and Philips; 13: Clear (1996); 14: Calwell (1996); 15: Brown and Atkinson (1994); 16: Calwell (1997); 17: Clear (1997a) Table A.7. Comparison of Magnetic, Hybrid, and Electronic Ballasts for Four-Foot Fluorescent Lamps High-Efficiency Magnetic*HybridElectronicOperation Low-Frequency (60 Hz)Low-Frequency (60 Hz)High-Frequency (20,00060,000 Hz)Compatible Lamp TypesStandard fluorescents Rapid-start standard fluorescentsMany types of standard fluorescentsBallast Factor (BF)>0.925 (5)0.790.95 (5)0.731.3 (5)Ballast Efficiency Factor (BEF)1.1, for a 2-lamp system (5)1.11.37, for a 2-lamp system (5)1.151.56, for a 2-lamp system (5)Power Factor (PF)>0.9 (5)>0.9 (5)>0.9 (5)Total Harmonic Distortion (%)2035 (5)1120 (5)mostly <20, some <5, some >20 (5)Energy-Efficiency AttributesBecause of their low-loss metals and denser windings, high-efficiency magnetic ballasts are 10-15% more efficient than the older standard magnetic ballasts that they have now replaced (3)Because they disconnect the electrode-heating circuit after the lamp is in operation, hybrid ballasts are 5-10% more efficient than high-efficiency magnetic ballasts (3)Improved efficiency because, when used with electronic ballasts, lamps are operated at a higher frequency (20,000-60,000 Hz) and a lower temperature; lamp-ballast systems using electronic ballasts are approximately 15% more efficient than systems using high-efficiency magnetic ballasts (6)Additional Benefits  Least expensive ballast type Less expensive than electronic ballasts More efficacious than high-efficiency magnetic ballasts Produce less audible noise than high-efficiency magnetic ballasts (5) Can operate 1-4 lamps (5) Reduced weight compared to magnetic, thus reduced shipping costs and easier installation (4) Audible noise reduced by 75% compared to high-efficiency magnetic ballasts (4) Reduced flicker (5) DimmableLimitations Operates only 1-3 lamps (5) Audible hum (5) Flicker (5)  Operates only 2-3 lamps (5) More expensive than high-efficiency magnetic ballasts Less efficacious than electronic ballasts Not dimmable  Generally more expensive than magnetic ballasts Can generate radio-frequency noise (5) Lifetime45,000 hrs, based on 12 hours of use per day (1)45,000 hrs, based on 12 hours of use per day (1)45,000 hrs, based on 12 hours of use per day (1) Table A.7, cont.High-Efficiency Magnetic*HybridElectronicPrice$10-15 (1994$) (5)$1217 (1994$) (5)$20-80, the higher prices are for dimming ballasts (1994$) (6) Primary ManufacturersAdvance Transformer Co., MagneTek, Valmont ElectricAdvance Transformer Co., MagneTek, Valmont Electric (2)Advance Transformer Co./EBT (Electronic Ballast Technology); MagneTek; Motorola Lighting; Osram Sylvania; Toshiba; Valmont, Lutron (dimming only) (2)* Federal standards banning the manufacture and sale of "standard" magnetic ballasts became effective in January 1990. They were replaced by "high-efficiency" magnetic ballasts. The "high-efficiency" magnetic ballasts have low-loss metals and denser windings and are 1015% more efficient than the banned standard ballasts. Their name is somewhat of a misnomer, however of the ballasts available for fluorescent lamps, they are the least energy-efficient. See Koomey et al. (1995) for further discussion of this issue. Sources: 1: IES (1993); 2: Eley Associates (1993); 3: Atkinson et al. (1995); 4: EPRI (1993b); 5: National Lighting Product Information Program (1994); 6: Koomey et al. (1994) xłhdudENICzbc6Clear and Rubinstein (1996, Clear (1994, Clear (1997b) 1a. Sourcebook.lib4Clear, 1994 #180; Clear, 1997 #179; Clear, 1996 #181ENRFE7'dENICzbcENR->drENICaU*5 Page (1997) 1a. Sourcebook.libPage, 1997 #239xENRFDE7'dENICaU*5ENR-:doENICe7D@ IES (1993) 1a. Sourcebook.lib IES, 1993 #21uENRFE7'dENICe7D@ENR-e tdENICe7D@Ontario Hydro (1992) 1a. Sourcebook.libzOntario Hydro, 1992 #122ENRFE7'dENICe7D@ENR-NudENICe7D@Atkinson et al. (1995) 1a. Sourcebook.libAtkinson, 1995 #24ENRFE7'dENICe7D@ENR-`dxENICe7E@Moezzi (1996-97) 1a. Sourcebook.libKMoezzi, 1997 #75~ENRFE7'dENICe7E@ENR-dENICe7E@Leslie and Conway (1993) 1a. Sourcebook.lib~Leslie, 1993 #126ENRFE7'dENICe7E@ENR-dENICe7E@Eley Associates (1993) 1a. Sourcebook.lib DOE-CEC-EPRI, 1993 #13ENRFE7'dENICe7E@ENR-dvENICaSd Denver (1996) 1a. Sourcebook.libDenver, 1996 #238|ENRFrtE7'dENICaSdENR-oicdsENICe7F@ EPRI (1993a) 1a. Sourcebook.libyEPRI, 1993 #121yENRFtE7'dENICe7F@ENR-WdENICe7FA4National Lighting Product Information Program (1993) 1a. Sourcebook.libWolsey, 1993 #156ENRF03-E7'dENICe7FAENR-crodENICe7FA$U.S. House of Representatives (1992) 1a. Sourcebook.lib'U.S. House of Representatives, 1992 #23ENRFgE7'dENICe7FAENR-crodENICe7FAClear and Rubinstein (1997) 1a. Sourcebook.libClear, 1997 #158ENRFtE7'dENICe7FAENR-EdidENICe7GA* 1a. Sourcebook.lib=Lamp Manufacturer Catalogs for General Electric (1995), #159ENRFrE7'dENICe7GA*ENR-aphdtENICe7GA8 Clear (1996) 1a. Sourcebook.libClear, 1996 #160zENRFE7'dENICe7GA8ENR-ocudxENICe7GAGCalwell (1996) 1a. Sourcebook.libCalwell, 1996 #161~ENRFE7'dENICe7GAGENR-dENICe7GATBrown and Atkinson (1994) 1a. Sourcebook.libBrown, 1994 #8ENRFE7'dENICe7GATENR-dzENIC(1997) 1a. Sourcebook.libCalwell, 1997 #207ENRFE7'dENICENR-mbeduENIC Clear (1997a) 1a. Sourcebook.libClear, 1997 #191{ENRFd EE7'dENICENR-eydoENICaS! IES (1993) 1a. Sourcebook.lib IES, 1993 #21uENRF.E7'dENICaS!ENR-3. dENICaS;Ontario Hydro (1992) 1a. Sourcebook.libzOntario Hydro, 1992 #122ENRFE7'dENICaS;ENR-dENICaSJAtkinson et al. (1995) 1a. Sourcebook.libAtkinson, 1995 #24ENRFE7'dENICaSJENR-POdxENICaSYMoezzi (1996-97) 1a. Sourcebook.libKMoezzi, 1997 #75~ENRFE7'dENICaSYENR-dENICaSgLeslie and Conway (1993) 1a. Sourcebook.lib~Leslie, 1993 #126ENRFO?E7'dENICaSgENR-5?dENICaSuEley Associates (1993) 1a. Sourcebook.lib DOE-CEC-EPRI, 1993 #13ENRFE7'dENICaSuENR-dvENICaS Denver (1996) 1a. Sourcebook.libDenver, 1996 #238|ENRF4&E7'dENICaSENR-dsENICaS EPRI (1993a) 1a. Sourcebook.libyEPRI, 1993 #121yENRFE7'dENICaSENR-verdENICaS4National Lighting Product Information Program (1993) 1a. Sourcebook.libWolsey, 1993 #156ENRFXE7'dENICaSENR-dENICaS$U.S. House of Representatives (1992) 1a. Sourcebook.lib'U.S. House of Representatives, 1992 #23ENRFE7'dENICaSENR-dENICaSClear and Rubinstein (1997) 1a. Sourcebook.libClear, 1997 #158ENRFE7'dENICaSENR-dENICaS 1a. Sourcebook.lib=Lamp Manufacturer Catalogs for General Electric (1995), #159ENRFE7'dENICaSENR-dtENICaS Clear (1996) 1a. Sourcebook.libClear, 1996 #160zENRFE7'dENICaSENR-dxENICaSCalwell (1996) 1a. Sourcebook.libCalwell, 1996 #161~ENRFE7'dENICaSENR-dENICaSBrown and Atkinson (1994) 1a. Sourcebook.libBrown, 1994 #8ENRFE7'dENICaSENR-QdzENICaS (1997) 1a. Sourcebook.libCalwell, 1997 #207ENRFE7'dENICaS ENR-?duENICaS Clear (1997a) 1a. Sourcebook.libClear, 1997 #191{ENRF?E7'dENICaSENR-,?dyENICz_s(1994) 1a. Sourcebook.librSezgen, 1994 #114ENRFNE7'dENICz_sENR-dENICz_:(1994) 1a. Sourcebook.libCensus Bureau, 1994 #186ENRFE7'dENICz_:ENR-doENICaT` IES (1993) 1a. Sourcebook.lib IES, 1993 #21uENRFoE7'dENICaT`ENR-/_LdENICaT|Ontario Hydro (1992) 1a. Sourcebook.libzOntario Hydro, 1992 #122ENRFE7'dENICaT|ENR- /_dENICaTAtkinson et al. (1995) 1a. Sourcebook.libAtkinson, 1995 #24ENRFE7'dENICaTENR-dxENICaTMoezzi (1996-97) 1a. Sourcebook.libKMoezzi, 1997 #75~ENRFE7'dENICaTENR-dENICaTLeslie and Conway (1993) 1a. Sourcebook.lib~Leslie, 1993 #126ENRFNVE7'dENICaTENR-dENICaTEley Associates (1993) 1a. Sourcebook.lib DOE-CEC-EPRI, 1993 #13ENRFE7'dENICaTENR-FRdvENICaT Denver (1996) 1a. Sourcebook.libDenver, 1996 #238|ENRFE7'dENICaTENR-dsENICaT EPRI (1993a) 1a. Sourcebook.libyEPRI, 1993 #121yENRFE7'dENICaTENR-crodENICaT4National Lighting Product Information Program (1993) 1a. Sourcebook.libWolsey, 1993 #156ENRFordE7'dENICaTENR-ysdENICaT$U.S. House of Representatives (1992) 1a. Sourcebook.lib'U.S. House of Representatives, 1992 #23ENRFE7'dENICaTENR-OVdENICaTClear and Rubinstein (1997) 1a. Sourcebook.libClear, 1997 #158ENRF*E7'dENICaTENR-dENICaT 1a. Sourcebook.lib=Lamp Manufacturer Catalogs for General Electric (1995), #159ENRFaE7'dENICaTENR-NMSdtENICaT$ Clear (1996) 1a. Sourcebook.libClear, 1996 #160zENRFE7'dENICaT$ENR-meydxENICaT2Calwell (1996) 1a. Sourcebook.libCalwell, 1996 #161~ENRFE7'dENICaT2ENR-MdENICaTABrown and Atkinson (1994) 1a. Sourcebook.libBrown, 1994 #8ENRFE7'dENICaTAENR-65=dzENICaTP(1997) 1a. Sourcebook.libCalwell, 1997 #207ENRF*E7'dENICaTPENR-BQduENICaT^ Clear (1997a) 1a. Sourcebook.libClear, 1997 #191{ENRF`E7'dENICaT^ENR-doENICaT, IES (1993) 1a. Sourcebook.lib IES, 1993 #21uENRFE7'dENICaT,ENR-dENICaT-Ontario Hydro (1992) 1a. Sourcebook.libzOntario Hydro, 1992 #122ENRFE7'dENICaT-ENR-dENICaT-Atkinson et al. (1995) 1a. Sourcebook.libAtkinson, 1995 #24ENRFE7'dENICaT-ENR-8dxENICaT-Moezzi (1996-97) 1a. Sourcebook.libKMoezzi, 1997 #75~ENRFE7'dENICaT-ENR-VdENICaT.Leslie and Conway (1993) 1a. Sourcebook.lib~Leslie, 1993 #126ENRFE7'dENICaT.ENR-ffdENICaT. Eley Associates (1993) 1a. Sourcebook.lib DOE-CEC-EPRI, 1993 #13ENRFE7'dENICaT. ENR-33dvENICaT. Denver (1996) 1a. Sourcebook.libDenver, 1996 #238|ENRF33E7'dENICaT.ENR-33dsENICaT.- EPRI (1993a) 1a. Sourcebook.libyEPRI, 1993 #121yENRFE7'dENICaT.-ENR-333dENICaT/;4National Lighting Product Information Program (1993) 1a. Sourcebook.libWolsey, 1993 #156ENRFE7'dENICaT/;ENR-""dENICaT/J$U.S. House of Representatives (1992) 1a. Sourcebook.lib'U.S. House of Representatives, 1992 #23ENRFE7'dENICaT/JENR-dENICaT/XClear and Rubinstein (1997) 1a. Sourcebook.libClear, 1997 #158ENRF|E7'dENICaT/XENR-dENICaT0 1a. Sourcebook.lib=Lamp Manufacturer Catalogs for General Electric (1995), #159ENRFE7'dENICaT0ENR-dtENICaT0 Clear (1996) 1a. Sourcebook.libClear, 1996 #160zENRFE7'dENICaT0ENR-dxENICaT1Calwell (1996) 1a. Sourcebook.libCalwell, 1996 #161~ENRFE7'dENICaT1ENR-TdENICaT1Brown and Atkinson (1994) 1a. Sourcebook.libBrown, 1994 #8ENRF*E7'dENICaT1ENR-dzENICaT1(1997) 1a. Sourcebook.libCalwell, 1997 #207ENRFE7'dENICaT1ENR-duENICaT1 Clear (1997a) 1a. Sourcebook.libClear, 1997 #191{ENRF E7'dENICaT1ENR-AGdyENICH (1995) 1a. Sourcebook.libnKoomey, 1995 #110ENRFE7'dENICH ENR-doENICaQ IES (1993) 1a. Sourcebook.lib IES, 1993 #21uENRFE7'dENICaQENR-3dENICaQ Eley Associates (1993) 1a. Sourcebook.lib DOE-CEC-EPRI, 1993 #13ENRFE7'dENICaQ ENR-dENICaQAtkinson et al. (1995) 1a. Sourcebook.libAtkinson, 1995 #24ENRFE7'dENICaQENR-TdsENICaQ' EPRI (1993b) 1a. Sourcebook.libEPRI, 1993 #162yENRFTE7'dENICaQ'ENR-**dENICaQ54National Lighting Product Information Program (1994) 1a. Sourcebook.lib Ji, 1994 #29ENRFE7'dENICaQ5ENR-d}ENICaQBKoomey et al. (1994) 1a. Sourcebook.libuKoomey, 1994 #117ENRF E7'dENICaQBENR- hV2ENRFzbc6Clear and Rubinstein (1996, Clear (1994, Clear (1997b) 4Clear, 1994 #180; Clear, 1997 #179; Clear, 1996 #181" hV2ENR- zbci hV2ENRFPaU*5 Page (1997) Page, 1997 #239" hV2ENR- aU*5f hV2ENRFMe7D@ IES (1993)  IES, 1993 #21" hV2ENR- e7D@{ hV2ENRFbe7D@Ontario Hydro (1992) zOntario Hydro, 1992 #122" hV2ENR- e7D@w hV2ENRF^e7D@Atkinson et al. (1995) Atkinson, 1995 #24" hV2ENR- e7D@o hV2ENRFVe7E@Moezzi (1996-97) KMoezzi, 1997 #75" hV2ENR- e7E@x hV2ENRF_e7E@Leslie and Conway (1993) ~Leslie, 1993 #126" hV2ENR- e7E@{ hV2ENRFbe7E@Eley Associates (1993)  DOE-CEC-EPRI, 1993 #13" hV2ENR- e7E@m hV2ENRFTaSd Denver (1996) Denver, 1996 #238" hV2ENR- aSdj hV2ENRFQe7F@ EPRI (1993a) yEPRI, 1993 #121" hV2ENR- e7F@ hV2ENRF{e7FA4National Lighting Product Information Program (1993) Wolsey, 1993 #156" hV2ENR- e7FA hV2ENRFe7FA$U.S. House of Representatives (1992) 'U.S. House of Representatives, 1992 #23" hV2ENR- e7FAz hV2ENRFae7FAClear and Rubinstein (1997) Clear, 1997 #158" hV2ENR- e7FA hV2ENRFye7GA* =Lamp Manufacturer Catalogs for General Electric (1995), #159" hV2ENR- e7GA*k hV2ENRFRe7GA8 Clear (1996) Clear, 1996 #160" hV2ENR- e7GA8o hV2ENRFVe7GAGCalwell (1996) Calwell, 1996 #161" hV2ENR- e7GAGv hV2ENRF]e7GATBrown and Atkinson (1994) Brown, 1994 #8" hV2ENR- e7GATm hV2ENRFT(1997) Calwell, 1997 #207" hV2ENR- l hV2ENRFS Clear (1997a) Clear, 1997 #191" hV2ENR- f hV2ENRFMaS! IES (1993)  IES, 1993 #21" hV2ENR- aS!{ hV2ENRFbaS;Ontario Hydro (1992) zOntario Hydro, 1992 #122" hV2ENR- aS;w hV2ENRF^aSJAtkinson et al. (1995) Atkinson, 1995 #24" hV2ENR- aSJo hV2ENRFVaSYMoezzi (1996-97) KMoezzi, 1997 #75" hV2ENR- aSYx hV2ENRF_aSgLeslie and Conway (1993) ~Leslie, 1993 #126" hV2ENR- aSg{ hV2ENRFbaSuEley Associates (1993)  DOE-CEC-EPRI, 1993 #13" hV2ENR- aSum hV2ENRFTaS Denver (1996) Denver, 1996 #238" hV2ENR- aSj hV2ENRFQaS EPRI (1993a) yEPRI, 1993 #121" hV2ENR- aS hV2ENRF{aS4National Lighting Product Information Program (1993) Wolsey, 1993 #156" hV2ENR- aS hV2ENRFaS$U.S. House of Representatives (1992) 'U.S. House of Representatives, 1992 #23" hV2ENR- aSz hV2ENRFaaSClear and Rubinstein (1997) Clear, 1997 #158" hV2ENR- aS hV2ENRFyaS =Lamp Manufacturer Catalogs for General Electric (1995), #159" hV2ENR- aSk hV2ENRFRaS Clear (1996) Clear, 1996 #160" hV2ENR- aSo hV2ENRFVaSCalwell (1996) Calwell, 1996 #161" hV2ENR- aSv hV2ENRF]aSBrown and Atkinson (1994) Brown, 1994 #8" hV2ENR- aSm hV2ENRFTaS (1997) Calwell, 1997 #207" hV2ENR- aS l hV2ENRFSaS Clear (1997a) Clear, 1997 #191" hV2ENR- aSl hV2ENRFSz_s(1994) rSezgen, 1994 #114" hV2ENR- z_ss hV2ENRFZz_:(1994) Census Bureau, 1994 #186" hV2ENR- z_:f hV2ENRFMaT` IES (1993)  IES, 1993 #21" hV2ENR- aT`{ hV2ENRFbaT|Ontario Hydro (1992) zOntario Hydro, 1992 #122" hV2ENR- aT|w hV2ENRF^aTAtkinson et al. (1995) Atkinson, 1995 #24" hV2ENR- aTo hV2ENRFVaTMoezzi (1996-97) KMoezzi, 1997 #75" hV2ENR- aTx hV2ENRF_aTLeslie and Conway (1993) ~Leslie, 1993 #126" hV2ENR- aT{ hV2ENRFbaTEley Associates (1993)  DOE-CEC-EPRI, 1993 #13" hV2ENR- aTm hV2ENRFTaT Denver (1996) Denver, 1996 #238" hV2ENR- aTj hV2ENRFQaT EPRI (1993a) yEPRI, 1993 #121" hV2ENR- aT hV2ENRF{aT4National Lighting Product Information Program (1993) Wolsey, 1993 #156" hV2ENR- aT hV2ENRFaT$U.S. House of Representatives (1992) 'U.S. House of Representatives, 1992 #23" hV2ENR- aTz hV2ENRFaaTClear and Rubinstein (1997) Clear, 1997 #158" hV2ENR- aT hV2ENRFyaT =Lamp Manufacturer Catalogs for General Electric (1995), #159" hV2ENR- aTk hV2ENRFRaT$ Clear (1996) Clear, 1996 #160" hV2ENR- aT$o hV2ENRFVaT2Calwell (1996) Calwell, 1996 #161" hV2ENR- aT2v hV2ENRF]aTABrown and Atkinson (1994) Brown, 1994 #8" hV2ENR- aTAm hV2ENRFTaTP(1997) Calwell, 1997 #207" hV2ENR- aTPl hV2ENRFSaT^ Clear (1997a) Clear, 1997 #191" hV2ENR- aT^f hV2ENRFMaT, IES (1993)  IES, 1993 #21" hV2ENR- aT,{ hV2ENRFbaT-Ontario Hydro (1992) zOntario Hydro, 1992 #122" hV2ENR- aT-w hV2ENRF^aT-Atkinson et al. (1995) Atkinson, 1995 #24" hV2ENR- aT-o hV2ENRFVaT-Moezzi (1996-97) KMoezzi, 1997 #75" hV2ENR- aT-x hV2ENRF_aT.Leslie and Conway (1993) ~Leslie, 1993 #126" hV2ENR- aT.{ hV2ENRFbaT. Eley Associates (1993)  DOE-CEC-EPRI, 1993 #13" hV2ENR- aT. m hV2ENRFTaT. Denver (1996) Denver, 1996 #238" hV2ENR- aT.j hV2ENRFQaT.- EPRI (1993a) yEPRI, 1993 #121" hV2ENR- aT.- hV2ENRF{aT/;4National Lighting Product Information Program (1993) Wolsey, 1993 #156" hV2ENR- aT/; hV2ENRFaT/J$U.S. House of Representatives (1992) 'U.S. House of Representatives, 1992 #23" hV2ENR- aT/Jz hV2ENRFaaT/XClear and Rubinstein (1997) Clear, 1997 #158" hV2ENR- aT/X hV2ENRFyaT0 =Lamp Manufacturer Catalogs for General Electric (1995), #159" hV2ENR- aT0k hV2ENRFRaT0 Clear (1996) Clear, 1996 #160" hV2ENR- aT0o hV2ENRFVaT1Calwell (1996) Calwell, 1996 #161" hV2ENR- aT1v hV2ENRF]aT1Brown and Atkinson (1994) Brown, 1994 #8" hV2ENR- aT1m hV2ENRFTaT1(1997) Calwell, 1997 #207" hV2ENR- aT1l hV2ENRFSaT1 Clear (1997a) Clear, 1997 #191" hV2ENR- aT1l hV2ENRFSH (1995) nKoomey, 1995 #110" hV2ENR- H f hV2ENRFMaQ IES (1993)  IES, 1993 #21" hV2ENR- aQ{ hV2ENRFbaQ Eley Associates (1993)  DOE-CEC-EPRI, 1993 #13" hV2ENR- aQ w hV2ENRF^aQAtkinson et al. (1995) Atkinson, 1995 #24" hV2ENR- aQj hV2ENRFQaQ' EPRI (1993b) EPRI, 1993 #162" hV2ENR- aQ' hV2ENRFvaQ54National Lighting Product Information Program (1994)  Ji, 1994 #29" hV2ENR- aQ5t hV2ENRF[aQBKoomey et al. (1994) uKoomey, 1994 #117" hV2ENR- aQB``@```p``````p`o{G;g3c8@P k~ x y  ' H U kRadp|}./:;IJTUZ[opuv H{ HzT Hz HyX Hy Hxp Hx( Hw Hw< Hv@    @>  @AGHlmst|ung HD H HX H H@ H HD H H( H H H H$ H~ H~4 H} H}8 H| H|< H{  H{L( ./=>DEKLYZ\1ij ""4"###$ $ $n$z%%&&&((#((+y+z+{+,I,_- -///////// H H H H  H H H H, H H4 H >//////0 0000,0-02030I0J0O0P0]0^0b0c0o0p0u0v00000000001L1M1N1T1U|ung H H H H H H H H H Hh H H| H H H H H H H H  H(1U1a1b1h1i1w1x1~11111111111122x2y2464E7M7]8|8>@V@cB3BAE2EBGGHzH{HJJKbKdKKKKL%L&MEMFML H H\ H  Hh H Hx H H H H H H >MLMMM\M]MgMhMmMnMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNN N NNNNNSNTNZN[N|un HT H H< H HP H H` H Hd H Hh H Hx H0 H H8 H H< H  HT(NNNNNNNNNNNO O OOO O!O'O(OAOBOPOQOWOXO^O_OlOmOoOPP@PWQkQ|RS V3VFW4WAYY[[]=]?]]]^^ dd  H HL H HX H H` H Hp H( H H< Hl H$ Hp  H(6deefffffffffffffffffgggggg5g6g;g<gIgJgNgOg[g\gagbggggg~wp H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H$ H H<  )ggggggh8h9h:h@hAhMhNhThUhchdhjhkhhhhhhhhhhhiiBiCiNiiijjj%jKjLjljjjjjkkQkRkommn  H H H H H H H H H H$ H H H H  H6noooppqqq qqqqqr r rLrMrcsesfuuuBuCuIuJu~uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuvvvvv,v-v.v/ HX H¨ H` H HP H Hd H Hl H Hp H H H @   4v/v0v1% @ 8@RnFU?@OP .jk}~ҩyyssmms d   d  P  P  d  P  d  P  (P@ph`'X2P@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ d  P  d  P  )~   ' 6  l G H S T UM  19QYk"QRau:ſſŕyſsſm P  d  d P  d  P   d  d  P  P  d  P  (P@ph`'X2P@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ P  d  P ($cdop o 5Q{|=[1Pj{ſ˳ˢ||YSSSL "P4pX$@3(@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@8 L L  2 2  P  P   P  P  (P@ph`'X2P@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ d  d { !!!"""4"U""""""##$ $,$m$n$z%U%u%%%%%%%&&&&&ſ׹ųŭŧѹš׹זzz׹8 L L  L 8 L 8 L  L L L  "P4pX$@3(@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@8 .&'F'((("(#(N(((((()*R+z+{++++,H,I,_,,,,- - /1222-2M2W2xſŭ˧ˢ|    2 2  L 8 8 L  "P4pX$@3(@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@8 L L &2x2y244&45464D4E56o6667L7M7\7]7y8<8{8|889C99:*;L;<:ݿ˭ݿ˳׿݊|uun׿                 "P4p#2P@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@+=>>2>>>>??{@U@V@a@b@c@AB2B3B?B@BABBCE1E2E?E@EAEBFFGGGHH/HOHYHzH{HHHIſ˹˭˕ъ|uun˹               "P4p#2P@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@  +IJJJJK KaKbMPOnOOOOOOPP!P3P?P@PVPWPQQjQkQzQ{Q|RRRRS S SSTTTUUcUpUV2V3VEVFˠњךњŠ|њ          2    "P4p#2P@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@  0VFVVW3W4W@WAWY YYYYYZVZ[[[[[\U] ]<]=]?]P]d]w]]]]]]`acuddddde5ſŭˢŇ{u             "P4p#2P@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@   +e5eeeef:ffhiii0i7iBiCiNidiziiſ׺uj^^^9$P4 +;%K3[@II@@@I@@@II@@II  p "  "$P4 +;%K3[II@@I@@@I@@II@@I  p "  " h"2     "P4p#2P@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ iiiiijjj%j0j>jKjLjljjjjjjjjjkk%k/kQkRkol+lmmnn-nWnnnoToooooopppp2pjppźźźꍍꂍź  p "  p "  p "  p "  p "  "$P4 +;%K3[@I@@@@@@@@@I@@@I  p "  "3ppqqqq q=qnqqqqqqqqqqr rLrMrcrrsesfurv.v/v0v1źŵźŖŃ~yy2 2 2 "  p "  "  p "  "  "$P4 +;%K3[@II@@@I@@@II@@II  p "  p "dNormal PTitle referencestable table title Word4095NullTOC 6TOC 4TOC 3TOC 2 Page NumberKoomey's latest longquotelonglistsuper hesding 3List Koomey styleKoomey? 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